Introduction to Recent Advances in Cannabinoid Research Robert B. Laprairie and Will Costain © 2016 The Author(s). Licensee InTechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons; Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), Abstract On October 17, 2018, Canada became the first G20 nation to legalize the use of Cannabis sativa for both medicinal and recreational purposes. This change in legislation and end of prohibition are indicative of a larger global movement to understand Cannabis—and the bioactive chemicals present within Cannabis known as the cannabinoids—for its potential biomedical uses, harms, and economic values. Currently, interest in Cannabis and cannabinoid research is surging as the many [...]
Lire la suiteHepatotoxicity of a Cannabidiol-Rich Cannabis Extract in the Mouse Model Laura E. Ewing, Charles M. Skinner, Charles M. Quick, Stefanie Kennon-McGill, Mitchell R. McGill, Larry A. Walker, Mahmoud A. ElSohly, Bill J. Gurley and Igor Koturbash Molecules, 2019, 24, 1694 doi : 10.3390/molecules24091694 Abstract : The goal of this study was to investigate Cannabidiol (CBD) hepatotoxicity in 8-week-old male B6C3F1 mice. Animals were gavaged with either 0, 246, 738, or 2460 mg/kg of CBD (acute toxicity, 24 h) or with daily doses of 0, 61.5, 184.5, or 615 mg/kg for 10 days (sub-acute toxicity). These doses were the allometrically scaled mouse equivalent doses (MED) [...]
Lire la suiteAssociation between medical cannabis laws and opioid overdose mortality has reversed over time Chelsea L. Shover, Corey S. Davis, Sanford C. Gordon, and Keith Humphreys PNAS, mai 2019 www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1903434116 Abstract Medical cannabis has been touted as a solution to the US opioid overdose crisis since Bachhuber et al. [M. A. Bachhuber, B. Saloner, C. O. Cunningham, C. L. Barry, JAMA Intern. Med. 174, 1668–1673] found that from 1999 to 2010 states with medical cannabis laws experienced slower increases in opioid analgesic overdose mortality. That research received substantial attention in the scientific literature and popular press and served as a talking point for the cannabis industry [...]
Lire la suiteMedical Cannabis No Solution to the Opioid Crisis Batya Swift Yasgur, MA, LSW Medscape Medical News, June 11, 2019 https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/914256?nlid=130206_2052&src=WNL_mdplsnews_190614_mscpedit_psyc&uac=292598PZ&spon=12&impID=1994987&faf=1 Contrary to previous research and popular assumptions, legalization of, and broader access to, medical cannabis has not reduced opioid overdose death rates. A study at Stanford University in California showed no protective effect of medical cannabis. In fact, states that legalized medical cannabis actually experienced a 22.7% increase in opioid overdose deaths. "There has been an idea touted by people and the cannabis industry and everyone invested in finding solutions to the opioid crisis that passing cannabis laws is one way to do that," lead author [...]
Lire la suiteCannabidiol regulation of emotion and emotional memory processing : relevance for treating anxiety-related and substance abuse disorders Jonathan L.C. Lee, Leandro J. Bertoglio, Francisco S. Guimarães and Carl W. Stevenson British Journal of Pharmacology, 2017, 174, 3242–3256 DOI : 10.1111/bph.13724 Abstract Learning to associate cues or contexts with potential threats or rewards is adaptive and enhances survival. Both aversive and appetitive memories are therefore powerful drivers of behaviour, but the inappropriate expression of conditioned responding to fear- and drug-related stimuli can develop into anxiety-related and substance abuse disorders respectively. These disorders are associated with abnormally persistent emotionalmemories and inadequate treatment, often leading to symptom relapse. [...]
Lire la suitePharmacological properties of cannabidiol in the treatment of psychiatric disorders : a critical overview G. M. Mandolini, M. Lazzaretti, A. Pigoni, L. Oldani, G. Delvecchio and P. Brambilla Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 2018, 27, 327–335. © Cambridge University Press 2018 doi : 10.1017/S2045796018000239 Abstract : Cannabidiol (CBD) represents a new promising drug due to a wide spectrum of pharmacological actions. In order to relate CBD clinical efficacy to its pharmacological mechanisms of action, we performed a bibliographic search on PUBMED about all clinical studies investigating the use of CBD as a treatment of psychiatric symptoms. Findings to date suggest that (a) CBD may exert antipsychotic [...]
Lire la suiteDoes cannabidiol protect against adverse psychological effects of THC ? Raymond J. M. Niesink and Margriet W. van Laar Frontiers in Psychiatry, 2013, 4, 130 doi : 10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00130. Abstract The recreational use of cannabis can have persistent adverse effects on mental health. Delta 9-tetrahydro-cannabinol (THC) is the main psychoactive constituent of cannabis, and most, if not all, of the effects associated with the use of cannabis are caused by THC. Recent studies have suggested a possible protective effect of another cannabinoid, cannabidiol (CBD). A literature search was performed in the bibliographic databases PubMed, PsycINFO, andWeb of Science using the keyword “cannabidiol.” After removing duplicate entries, [...]
Lire la suiteLong-Term Stress and Concomitant Marijuana Smoke Exposure Affect Physiology, Behavior and Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis Kitti Rusznák, Kata Csekö, Zsófia Varga, Dávid Csabai, Ágnes Bóna, Mátyás Mayer, Zsolt Kozma, Zsuzsanna Helyes and Boldizsár Czéh Frontiers in Pharmacology, 2018, 9, 786 doi: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00786. eCollection 2018 www.frontiersin.org Abstract Marijuana is a widely used recreational drug with increasing legalization worldwide for medical purposes. Most experimental studies use either synthetic or plant-derived cannabinoids to investigate the effect of cannabinoids on anxiety and cognitive functions. The aim of this study was to mimic real life situations where young people smoke cannabis regularly to relax from everyday stress. Therefore, we exposed young adult [...]
Lire la suiteRegular cannabis use is associated with altered activation of central executive and default mode networks even after prolonged abstinence in adolescent users : Results from a complementary meta-analysis Grace Blest-Hopley, Vincent Giampietro and Sagnik Bhattacharyya Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 2019, 96, 45–55. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.10.026: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.10.026 PMCID: PMC6331661 PMID: 30395923 Abstract Whether the effects of cannabis use on brain function persist or recover following abstinence remains unclear. Therefore, using meta-analytic techniques, we examined whether functional alterations measured using fMRI persist in cannabis users abstinent for over 25 days (or 600 h) as evidence suggests that the effects on cognitive performance no longer persist beyond this period. Systematic literature search [...]
Lire la suiteDelta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol increases striatal glutamate levels in healthy individuals: implications for psychosis. Colizzi M., Weltens N., McGuire P., Lythgoe D., Williams S., Van Oudenhove L., Bhattacharyya S. Molecular Psychiatry, 2019 doi : 10.1038/s41380-019-0374-8. PMID : 30770892 Abstract The neurobiological mechanisms underlying the association between cannabis use and acute or long-lasting psychosis are not completely understood. While some evidence suggests altered striatal dopamine may underlie the association, direct evidence that cannabis use affects either acute or chronic striatal dopamine is inconclusive. In contrast, pre-clinical research suggests that cannabis may affect dopamine via modulation of glutamate signaling. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover design was used to investigate whether [...]
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