Marijuana and the Cannabinoids Edited by Mahmoud A. ElSohly, PhD, Humana Press, Totowa, New Jersey, USA, 2007 www.humanapress.com 1. Cannabinoids. I. ElSohly, Mahmoud A. II. Series. [DNLM: 1. Cannabinoids. 2. Cannabis. QV 77.7 M33515 2006] QP801.C27M355 2006 615'.7827--dc22 333 pages, Preface Although primarily used today as one of the most prevalent illicit leisure drugs, the use of Cannabis sativa L., commonly referred to as marijuana, for medicinal purposes has been reported for more than 5000 years. Marijuana use has been shown to create numerous health problems, and, consequently, the expanding use beyond medical purposes into recreational use (abuse) resulted in control of the drug through international treaties. Much research has been [...]
Lire la suiteWHO Expert Committee on Drug Dependence. Critical Review Cannabis and cannabis resin © World Health Organization 2018 Cannabis and cannabis resin Section 1: Chemistry 1. Substance identification ............................................................................................... 4 1.1 International Nonproprietary Name (INN) .............................................................................................. 4 1.2 Chemical Abstract Service (CAS) registry number ................................................................................... 4 1.3 Other chemical names ............................................................................................................................ 4 1.4 Trade names ........................................................................................................................................... 4 Cannabis 1.4.1 plant .................................................................................................................................. 4 1.4.2 Cannabis resin .................................................................................................................................. 5 1.5 Street names ........................................................................................................................................... 5 1.5.1 Cannabis plant .................................................................................................................................. 5 1.5.2 Cannabis resin .................................................................................................................................. 5 1.6 Physical appearance ............................................................................................................................... 6 1.6.1 Cannabis plant .................................................................................................................................. 6 1.6.2 Cannabis resin .................................................................................................................................. 6 1.7 WHO review history ................................................................................................................................ 7 2. Chemistry ..................................................................................................................... 8 2.1 Name ...................................................................................................................................................... 8 2.2 Chemical name ....................................................................................................................................... 8 2.2.1 IUPAC name: ..................................................................................................................................... 8 2.2.2 CA index [...]
Lire la suiteAnalysis of adulterants in prepared bhang from different Authorized bhang shops Shrawan Kumar Sadawarti, Lav Kesharwani, A. K. Jain, Vaibhav Saran, A. K. Gupta Academic Journal of Forensic Sciences, Volume 01 | Issue 02 | October-2018 Available online at : www.xournals.com Abstract : Cannabis is a tall, erect, annual, dioecious herb, provided with an open sunny environment, light, well-drained composted soil and ample irrigation. Bhang is obtained from cut tops of uncultivated plants and is least potent. The potency depends upon the concentration of Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). It is a narcotic drug and is analgesic in nature. Bhang is prepared by crushing the leaf of cannabis [...]
Lire la suiteExtractions of Medical Cannabis Cultivars and the Role of Decarboxylation in Optimal Receptor Responses Melissa M. Lewis-Bakker, Yi Yang, Rupali Vyawahare, and Lakshmi P. Kotra Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research, Volume X, Number X, 2019 Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. DOI: 10.1089/can.2018.0067 Abstract Introduction : Phytocannabinoids, characteristic compounds produced by medical cannabis, interact with cannabinoid (CB) receptors (CB1 and CB2) as well as other receptor systems to exhibit their corresponding pharmacological effects. In their natural form, CBs such as D9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid and cannabidiolic acid are inactive at these receptors, while their decarboxylated forms (D9 tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol, respectively) are potent ligands at CB receptors. Thus, extraction and processing [...]
Lire la suiteCannabis Chemovar Nomenclature Misrepresents Chemical and Genetic Diversity; Survey of Variations in Chemical Profiles and Genetic Markers in Nevada Medical Cannabis Samples Ulrich Reimann-Philipp, Mark Speck, Cindy Orser, Steve Johnson, Aaron Hilyard, Helen Turner, Alexander J. Stokes, and Andrea L. Small-Howard Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research, Volume X, Number X, 2019 Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. DOI: 10.1089/can.2018.0063 Abstract Introduction : Medical cannabis patients receive clinical benefits from the secondary metabolites of the plant, which contain a variety of cannabinoids and terpenoids in combinations that can be used to classify the chemovars. State-regulated medical cannabis programs rely on breeder-reported ‘‘strain’’ names both within diversion control systems and to [...]
Lire la suitePotency Analysis of Medical Marijuana Products from New York State Lingyun Li, Bryan C. Duffy, Lorie A. Durocher, Mark A. Dittmar, Robert A. Acosta, Emily R. Delaney, Lei Li, Kenneth M. Aldous and David C. Spink Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research, Volume X, Number X, 2019 Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. DOI: 10.1089/can.2018.0037 Abstract Introduction : In the United States, medicalmarijuana programs have been established in 29 states and the District of Columbia. In 2014, New York State (NYS) approved medical marijuana legislation, and its program became fully operational in January of 2016. Products manufactured under the auspices of the program may be used by certified patients in [...]
Lire la suiteThe Effect of Light Spectrum on the Morphology and Cannabinoid Content of Cannabis sativa L. Gianmaria Magagnini, Gianpaolo Grassi, Stiina Kotiranta Medical Cannabis and Cannabinoids, 2018, 1, 19–27 DOI : 10.1159/000489030 Abstract Cannabis sativa L. flowers are the main source of Δ-9- tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) used in medicine. One of the most important growth factors in cannabis cultivation is light; light quality, light intensity, and photoperiod play a big role in a successful growth protocol. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of 3 different light sources on morphology and cannabinoid production. Cannabis clones were grown under 3 different light spectra, namely [...]
Lire la suiteExtractions of Medical Cannabis Cultivars and the Role of Decarboxylation in Optimal Receptor Responses Melissa M. Lewis-Bakker, Yi Yang, Rupali Vyawahare, and Lakshmi P. Kotra Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research, 2019, Volume X, Number X, 2019 Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. DOI: 10.1089/can.2018.0067 Abstract Introduction : Phytocannabinoids, characteristic compounds produced by medical cannabis, interact with cannabinoid (CB) receptors (CB1 and CB2) as well as other receptor systems to exhibit their corresponding pharmacological effects. In their natural form, CBs such as D9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid and cannabidiolic acid are inactive at these receptors, while their decarboxylated forms (D9 tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol, respectively) are potent ligands at CB receptors. Thus, extraction and [...]
Lire la suiteChemical and Biological Studies of Cannabis sativa Roots Mostafa A. Elhendawy, Amira S. Wanas, Mohamed M. Radwan, Nabil A. Azzaz, ElShahat S. Toson, Mahmoud A. ElSohly Medical Cannabis and Cannabinoids, 2018, 1, 104–111 DOI: 10.1159/000495582 https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/495582 Abstract : The chemical study of Cannabis sativa roots led to the isolation and identification of 10 compounds. Their chemical structures were unambiguously established on the basis of 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry as friedelan- 3-one (1), epifriedelanol (2), β-sitosterol (3), ergost-5- en-3-ol (4), methyl hexadecanoate (5), pentadecanoic acid (6), 10E-hexadecenoic acid (7), 4-hydroxy 3-methoxybenzaldehyde (8), β-sitosterol-β-D-glucoside (9) and p-coumaroyltyramine (10). Compounds 5–9 were reported for the [...]
Lire la suiteExperimental Endozoochory of Cannabis sativa Achenes John M. McPartland and Steve G. Naraine Medical Cannabis and Cannabinoids, 2018, 1, 96–103 DOI: 10.1159/000492971 https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/492971 Abstract : The mechanism by which Cannabis sativa dispersed from its center of origin remains an open question. The literature provides many hypotheses, which we review for the first time, but experiments are few. Darwin was interested in zoochory – the transport of plants by animals. He demonstrated endozoochory (transport of seeds via animal digestive systems) of C. sativa achenes (seeds) by carrier pigeons, but he did not quantify achene survival rates. We assessed mammalian endozoochory in a triplicate experiment: feeding C. sativa [...]
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